Registry keys secrets

The registry is not a single self contained file, but an extensive Database, which works mainly with 7 files. These files be evaluated at each start of Windows XP and are aboutregistry then Windows, and all working on the computer programs.

Registry keys secrets

Here below are the some important windows XP registry keys secrets and their functions also you can know about registry keys  and about their uses as well in detail.

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

In the upper section all file extensions for known file types are stored. If you have, For example, Microsoft Word installed on your computer, find here theEntry. Doc for Word documents.

In the right window you will see the entry standard of the value as the name for registered file type contains. Designation for registered file types appear in part as a key in the bottom. Here the properties of registered files are stored on other and the commands set that you see the context menu for a file type. The corresponding commands you can find in the sub-key shell of a file type.

More File properties that are managed here, ss also the symbol with which the file is displayed in the Explorer Commands that are executed when you double click the file name, So about the start of the linked program. Here you will find a key named CLSID with numerous sub-basins, which are filed by OLE-enabled applications and ActiveX components. These keys are used by Windows XP to drag and drop and OLE for be able to implement certain programs.

What is DNS ?

DNS - Domain Name System

(1) Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), anInternet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to198.105.232.4.

The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.

(2) Short for digital nervous system,a term coined by Bill Gates to describe a network of personal computers that make it easier to obtain and understand information.

Difference between Internet and Intranet

Internet

1. Internet is wide network of computers and is open for all.
2. Internet itself contains a large number of intranets.
3. The number of users who use internet is Unlimited.
4. The Visitors traffic is unlimited.
5. Internet contains different source of information and is available for all.

Intranet

1. Intranet is also a network of computers designed for a specific group of users.
2. Intranet can be accessed from Internet but with restrictions.
3. The number of users is limited.
4. The traffic allowed is also limited.
5. Intranet contains only specific group information.
Therefore the Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but it is protected by a password and accessible only to authorized users.

NIC Teaming in Windows Server 2012

Introduction

Windows Server 2012 has a number of great new features. One of the most welcome new features is the ability to create NIC teams. A NIC team is a collection of network interfaces (NICs) that work together as one. There are many benefits to building a NIC team. The main benefit is bandwidth aggregation. NIC teaming allows the bandwidth of every NIC in the team to be combined, thereby delivering more bandwidth than any single NIC in the team would be able to handle by itself.
Another noteworthy benefit to NIC teaming is redundancy. NIC teaming protects the server against NIC failures. If a NIC within a NIC team fails then the team is able to continue functioning in spite of the failure, but at a reduced capacity.
Technically speaking, NIC teaming isn’t an entirely new feature. Previous versions of Windows Server supported NIC teaming, but only with some very significant restrictions. The main restriction was that the NIC team had to be implemented at the hardware level, not the software level. This meant that you had to purchase server hardware and NICs that natively supported NIC teaming. Furthermore, the server and the NICs had to be provided by the same vendor. Needless to say, this approach to NIC teaming was expensive to say the least.
These limitations are gone in Windows Server 2012. Now NIC teaming can be implemented at the software level, so there is no need to purchase specialized server hardware. Furthermore, the NIC team does not need to be vendor consistent. You can create a NIC team consisting of NICs from multiple vendors.
Another benefit is that a NIC team can be huge. You can combine up to 32 physical NICs into a NIC team. Imagine for a moment that you built a team of 32 ten gigabit NICs. That would be the functional equivalent to having a 320 gigabit connection (minus overhead).

NIC Team Uses

Right about now you might be wondering under what circumstances you can use a NIC team. Generally speaking, a NIC team can be used in any situation that a physical NIC would be used in. NIC teams can handle normal server level traffic, but they can also be used by virtual machines. Having said that, there are a few exceptions. NIC teaming does not work with the following:
SR-IOV
Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)
TCP Chimney
Microsoft doesn’t really explain why TCP Chimney isn’t supported (at least not that I have found), but they do indicate that that the reason SR-IOV and RDMA aren’t supported is because these technologies send traffic directly to the network adapter and completely bypass the networking stack, which means that SR-IOV and RDMA are unable to detect the NIC team.

Building a NIC Team

Creating a NIC team is an easy process. To do so, open the Server Manager and click on Local Server. Next, locate the NIC Teaming option in the Properties section and then check to see if NIC Teaming is enabled or disabled, as shown in Figure A.

Figure A: Check to see whether NIC Teaming is enabled or disabled.
Assuming that NIC Teaming is disabled, click on the Disabled link and the NIC Teaming window will open, as shown in Figure B.

Figure B: NIC teams are created through the NIC Teaming console.
Now, go to the console’s Teams section and click on the Task drop down. Select the New Team option. When you do, you will see the NIC Teaming dialog box, shown in Figure C.

Figure C: Use the NIC Teaming dialog box to create the NIC Team.
As you can see in the figure, the dialog box is pretty simple. You can create a NIC team by entering a name for the team and then picking the network adapters that are included in the team. In the figure above I stuck with the default names for the network adapters that were installed in my server, but if you do rename your network adapters then the custom names that you have assigned will show up in this dialog box.
Before you create the NIC team, it is a good idea to define some additional properties. While this certainly isn’t a requirement, doing so gives you more control over the team’s functionality. If you look at the figure above, you will notice that there is an Additional Properties drop down near the bottom of the figure. If you click this drop down, you will be presented with some additional options, as shown in Figure D.

Figure D: There are some additional properties that you can configure.

Teaming Mode

The first option on the list is the teaming mode. You can choose from three different teaming modes. The default option is Switch Independent. As the name implies, switch independent mode lets you build a NIC team without having to worry about your network switches. The NICs that make up the team can even be connected to multiple network switches.
The next option is called Static Teaming. Static teaming is a switch dependent mode. This mode requires you to configure both the computer and the network switch so as to identify the links that make up the team.
The third teaming mode is also switch dependent. It is called LACP, and is based on link aggregation. The advantage to using this type of NIC teaming is that you can dynamically reconfigure the NIC team by adding or removing NICs as your needs dictate.

Load Balancing Mode

The next option on the list is load balancing mode. Load balancing mode lets you choose between two options – Address Hash or Hyper-V port. The Address Hash option is usually the best choice because it allows traffic to be load balanced across all of the NICs in the team.
The Hyper-V Port option balances traffic on a per virtual machine basis. This type of load balancing assigns each virtual machine’s traffic to a specific NIC. The problem with this approach is that virtual machines are unable to take advantage of distributing traffic across multiple NICs.

Standby Adapter

The last option is Standby Adapter. As the name suggests, the Standby Adapter option lets you designate a NIC as a standby spare. That way, if a NIC in the team were to fail then a spare is on hand to take over. It is worth noting however, that you can only designate one NIC as a standby adapter. Windows does not support having multiple spare adapters.

Conclusion

As you can see, NIC teams are relatively easy to set up and configure. The nice part is the degree of flexability that Microsoft gives you when setting up a NIC team. It is up to you for example, if you want to define a standby adapter or not. You might be wondering however, what happens if you choose not to configure any of the additional properties. In this type of situation, Windows takes a one size fits all approach to NIC teaming. The team mode is set to Switch Independent, the load balancing mode is set to Address Hash, and there is no standby adapter defined.

A List of Common Default Router IP Addresses

Here's the scenario: you are trying to fix a relative's network issues and you need to access their router's browser interface. We've all been there, fruitlessly pecking in combinations of 192.168.x.x. Unless you have every default router address tattooed on your forearm, you'll eventually encounter one that stumps you.

When that happens, you can typically find the information with a simple command on Windows. Open the command prompt (Start > Run/Search for cmd) and then enter ipconfig. The address you need should be next to Default Gateway under your Local Area Connection, and it will often begin with 192.168.

Also see: The best routers reviewed and rated

If for some reason you can't retrieve the router's IP address using that method, we've compiled a brief list of popular router brands and their common default addresses. The list includes most router manufacturers with more than a dozen or so models, particularly if they deviate from the standard 192.168.1.1 address.

Router Brand	Common Default IP Addresses
2Wire	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254 10.0.0.138
3Com	192.168.1.1 192.168.1.10.1
Actiontec	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.2.1 192.168.254.254
Airlink	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
Airlive	192.168.2.1
Airties	192.168.2.1
Apple	10.0.1.1
Amped Wireless	192.168.3.1
Asus	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 10.10.1.1
Aztech	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 192.168.1.254 192.168.254.254
Belkin	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 10.0.0.2 10.1.1.1
Billion	192.168.1.254 10.0.0.2
Buffalo	192.168.1.1 192.168.11.1
Dell	192.168.1.1
Cisco	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.30 192.168.0.50 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
D-Link	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.101 192.168.0.30 192.168.0.50 192.168.1.254 192.168.15.1 192.168.254.254 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.1.1.1 10.90.90.90
Edimax	192.168.2.1
Eminent	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.8.1
Gigabyte	192.168.1.254
Hawking	192.168.1.200 192.168.1.254
Huawei	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.3.1 192.168.8.1 192.168.100.1 10.0.0.138
LevelOne	192.168.0.1 192.168.123.254
Linksys	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.10 192.168.1.210 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.99 192.168.15.1 192.168.16.1 192.168.2.1
Microsoft	192.168.2.1
Motorola	192.168.0.1 192.168.10.1 192.168.15.1 192.168.20.1 192.168.30.1 192.168.62.1 192.168.100.1 192.168.102.1 192.168.1.254
MSI	192.168.1.254
Netgear	192.168.0.1 192.168.0.227
NetComm	192.168.1.1 192.168.10.50 192.168.20.1 10.0.0.138
Netopia	192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254
Planet	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254
Repotec	192.168.1.1 192.168.10.1 192.168.16.1 192.168.123.254
Senao	192.168.0.1
Siemens	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254 192.168.2.1 192.168.254.254 10.0.0.138 10.0.0.2
Sitecom	192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254 192.168.123.254 10.0.0.1
SMC Networks	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.2.1 10.0.0.1 10.1.10.1
Sonicwall	192.168.0.3 192.168.168.168
SpeedTouch	10.0.0.138 192.168.1.254
Sweex	192.168.15.1 192.168.50.1 192.168.55.1 192.168.251.1
Tenda	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1
Thomson	192.168.0.1 192.168.1.254 192.168.100.1
TP-Link	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254
Trendnet	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.30 192.168.0.100 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.254 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.10 192.168.10.100 192.168.2.1 192.168.223.100 200.200.200.5
U.S. Robotics	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 192.168.123.254
Zoom	192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1 192.168.4.1 192.168.10.1 192.168.1.254 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.138
ZTE	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.100.100 192.168.1.254 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.254
Zyxel	192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.2.1 192.168.4.1 192.168.10.1 192.168.1.254 192.168.254.254 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.138

If you couldn't find your router brand above, or the most common default IPs are not working for your model, we recommend you check out RouterIPAddress.com or SetupRouter.com.

Default usernames and passwords

Likewise, if you're looking for default usernames and passwords, RouterPasswords.com and PortForward.com should have you covered. Common default usernames include variations of admin (Admin, administrator, etc.), and the password is often admin, password, or simply left blank -- needless to say, it's good practice to change these during the initial setup.

Facebook and the Epiphanator: An End to Endings?

I do not enjoy Facebook — I find it cloying and impossible — but I am there every day. Last year I watched a friend struggle through breast cancer treatment in front of hundreds of friends. She broadcast her news with caution, training her crowd in how to react: no drama, please; good vibes; videos with puppies or kittens welcomed. I watched two men grieve for lost children — one man I've only met online, whose daughter choked to death; one an old friend, whose infant son and daughter, and his wife and mother-in-law, died in an auto accident.
I watched in real time as these people reconstructed themselves in the wake of events — altering their avatars, committing to new causes, liking and linking, boiling over in anger at dumb comments, eventually posting jokes again, or uploading new photos. Learning to take the measure of the world with new eyes. No other medium has shown me this in the same way. Even the most personal literary memoir has more distance, more compression, than these status updates.
In the world of social media, it can feel bizarre that potent evidence of grieving from one friend is followed so quickly by pictures of oven-fresh cookies from another. But Facebook is generated by algorithms without feelings. It's not a narrative: The breast cancer went into remission, but the stories of the radiation treatment continue; the lost children remain as photos, woven into the threads of hundreds of lives. The details of everyday life begin to fill in around those threads. The tide brings in status updates; the tide takes them out.
Social media has no understanding of anything aside from the connections between individuals and the ceaseless flow of time: No beginnings, and no endings. These disparate threads of human existence alternately fascinate and horrify that part of the media world that grew up on topic sentences and strong conclusions. This world of old media is like a giant steampunk machine that organizes time into stories. I call it the Epiphanator, and it has always known the value of a meaningful conclusion. The Epiphanator sits in midtown Manhattan and clunks along, at Condé Nast and at the Times and in Rockefeller Center. Once a day it makes a terrible grinding noise and spits out newspapers and TV shows. Once a week it spits out weeklies and more TV shows. Once a month it produces glossy magazines. All too often it makes movies, and novels.
At the end of every magazine article, before the "■," is the quote from the general in Afghanistan that ties everything together. The evening news segment concludes by showing the secretary of State getting back onto her helicopter. There's the kiss, the kicker, the snappy comeback, the defused bomb. The Epiphanator transmits them all. It promises that things are orderly. It insists that life makes sense, that there is an underlying logic.

The Best Articles for Backing Up and Syncing Your Data

World Backup Day is March 31st and we decided to provide you with some useful information to make backing up your data easier. We’ve published articles about backing up various types of data and settings both offline and online.
There’s all kinds of settings on your computer to backup in addition to your personal data, such as Wi-Fi passwords, drivers, and settings for programs like web browsers, Office, and Windows Live Writer. There are also many tools available to help you keep your data and settings backed up.

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Windows

Backup utilities in previous versions of Windows have been less than wonderful, most likely prompting you to use third party tools to backup your data (we discuss third party tools later in this article). However, the Backup and Restore feature in Windows 7 is much improved over previous Windows backup tools. The following articles show you how to use the Backup and Restore feature in Windows 7 as well as how to create a system image using Windows 7 native tools. You can also learn how to mirror a drive to create an instant backup, backup files that are in use or locked, create a system repair disc, use Windows 7 Previous Versions feature, and backup the registry.

The Best Computer Tips and Tricks: Windows XP

Control Inactive System Tray Icons

You don't have to hide or show all the icons in your system tray—you can control their disappearing acts. Right-click on the taskbar and select Properties. Click on the checkbox next to "Hide inactive icons" (if it's not checked by default), then click on the Customize button. For each item on this list, you can choose "Hide when inactive," "Always hide," or "Always show" options to decide what you'll see and when.

Fit More Icons on Your Desktop

If your screen is so cluttered with Word documents and program shortcuts that you can't see the rolling meadows of your wallpaper, you don't need to move piles of stuff to the Recycling Bin. Just change the amount of space between icons. Right-click on the desktop, select Properties, then click on the Appearance tab, and click the Advanced button. In the "Item" drop-down, scroll down to Icon Spacing (Horizontal) and Icon Spacing (Vertical); changing the value in the "Size" field will move icons closer together (while increasing the number will move them farther apart). When you're done, click OK. To make your existing icons follow these rules, right-click on the desktop, select "Arrange Icons By" and then click Align to Grid, then go back to the same menu and click "Auto Arrange."

Shut Down from Your Desktop

If you're trying to eliminate every extraneous mouse click, you can shut down your computer with an icon on the desktop. Right-click on your desktop, click "New," and then click "Shortcut." In the "Type the location of the item" field, type "shutdown -s -t 00" to give you a way to shut down the computer immediately. (Change the -s to -r to create a reboot shortcut instead.)

Change What Programs Start When Windows Does

You can prevent a lot of apps forcing Windows into chilled-molasses boot times—without uninstalling anything. Click Start, then "Run...," and type msconfig. This brings up the System Configuration Utility window. Click on the Startup tab to see a list of all the apps slated to start when you boot up Windows. Click the check mark next to any you don't want, and then click OK to save your choices.

Type With an Onscreen Keyboard

Whether you have trouble with your hands or you just prefer using the mouse, typing with Windows' onscreen keyboard can be a great convenience. Navigate to Start > All Programs > Accessories > Accessibility, and click "On-Screen Keyboard." Click OK to clear the dialogue box and then start "typing"—you can even change the settings to "press" keys just by hovering your mouse over the letter you want (enable this feature by selecting "Typing Mode" from the Settings menu).

No-wait Screen Savers

Don't want to wait for your screen saver to kick in? Create a shortcut to it just as you would for any other program by hitting Windows key + F to search your computer and click on "All files and folders." Type "*.scr" in the "All or part of the file name" field to find every screen saver file on your computer. In the resulting list, right-click and drag the screen saver you want to your desktop. Whenever you want it to start, just double-click its icon

Computer application buying tip

Purchasing a software application or program can be a big consideration, especially when purchasing advanced and usually expensive programs such as Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop. When considering purchasing these programs it is important that you or your staff be familiar with the program and are sure it's going to be capable of what you need it to do.

On this page we've listed different considerations to think about before buying a computer software application.

 Competition

Before buying any application make sure there is not a competing program that may be cheaper or even free. If available and something that's capable of doing what you want it to do this could save you hundreds of dollars.

A good example of such a program is Open Office and Corel WordPerfect that would be a competitor to Microsoft Word. Both programs are an excellent choice for a word processor but can be a considerable price difference. In the case of OpenOffice, it's 100% free.

Documentation

Make sure proper documentation is included. Many programs today will include on-line documentation that is more than sufficient. However, it is also useful to obtain a manual or user guide for the software program or application.

Licenses

If you are a company who plans on having software programs used by its employees (more than one person), you need to consider licensing options. It is required that for each computer a product is installed onto that it have a software license. If a company purchases the program and shares it with all its employees without the proper licensing, this would be illegal and can cause your company to face a criminal lawsuit.

Price

Look at your overall price and shop around. Because a software price can change often, you can sometimes save hundreds of dollars on expensive software. If possible, do not purchase directly through the company; many times, the company's price doubles a retailers price.

Be cautious of OEM software. Many resellers will sell a program as OEM, which requires you buy a computer or motherboard. OEM software is software that is included with large manufacturers' computers and only includes either just a CD or a slim manual and CD. This is not what you would find at a retail store. This option is not a bad option, it is only important that you are aware of what you are getting.

Package

Look at the overall software package. How many CDs or diskettes are included, what inserts and documentation is included, and is there any bonus or extra software included?

Media

Today, the majority of software is included on CDs and DVDs. When looking at a program, make sure you have an acceptable drive that's able to read the media, While not common today, an example of why this is important is it's better to receive one CD instead of 32 floppy diskettes.

Unix and Linux shortcut keys

Introduction

Shortcuts are designed to help shorten the time required to perform frequently used commands or actions. In the below sections, we have listed keyboard shortcut keys that can be performed by pressing two or more keys at once. In addition to keyboard shortcut keys, we have also listed command line shortcut keys that can be typed in at the shell.

Tip: Not all of the following shortcut keys and command line shortcuts are universally compatible with every variant of Unix and Linux.

Keyboard shortcut keys

CTRL+B	Moves the cursor backward one character.
CTRL+C	Cancels the currently running command.
CTRL+D	Logs out of the current session.
CTRL+F	Moves the cursor forward one character.
CTRL+H	Erase one character. Similar to pressing backspace.
CTRL+P	Paste previous line(s).
CTRL+S	Stops all output on screen (XOFF).
CTRL+Q	Turns all output stopped on screen back on (XON).
CTRL+U	Erases the complete line.
CTRL+W	Deletes the last word typed. For example, if you typed 'mv file1 file2' this shortcut would delete file2.
CTRL+Z	Cancels current operation, moves back a directory or takes the current operation and moves it to the background. See bg command for additional information about background.

Microsoft Word shortcut keys

Below is a listing of most of the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See the computer shortcut page if you are looking for a list of shortcut keys used in other programs. Please be aware that some of these shortcuts may not work in all versions of Microsoft Word.

Note: If the device you are using does not have Function keys (F1-F12) on its keyboard, like a Chromebook, certain shortcuts will be unavailable to you.

Shortcut	Description
Ctrl + 0	Toggles 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.
Ctrl + A	Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C	Copy selected text.
Ctrl + D	Open the font preferences window.
Ctrl + E	Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + F	Open find box.
Ctrl + I	Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + J	Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.
Ctrl + K	Insert link.
Ctrl + L	Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + M	Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + P	Open the print window.
Ctrl + R	Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + S	Save the open document. Just like Shift + F12.
Ctrl + T	Create a hanging indent.
Ctrl + U	Underline the selected text.
Ctrl + V	Paste.
Ctrl + X	Cut selected text.
Ctrl + Y	Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z	Undo last action.
Ctrl + Shift + L	Quickly create a bullet point.
Ctrl + Shift + F	Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + >	Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increase font +2pts.
Ctrl + ]	Increase selected font +1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + <	Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower; if above 12, decreases font by +2pt.
Ctrl + [	Decrease selected font -1pts.
Ctrl + / + c	Insert a cent sign (¢).
Ctrl + ' + <char>	Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where <char> is the character you want. For example, if you wanted an accented è you would use Ctrl + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark, often on the tilde key.
Ctrl + Shift + *	View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl + <left arrow>	Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl + <right arrow>	Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl + <up arrow>	Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
Ctrl + <down arrow>	Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del	Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace	Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End	Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home	Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar	Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1	Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2	Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5	1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1	Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2	Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3	Changes text to heading 3.
Alt + Ctrl + F2	Open new document.
Ctrl + F1	Open the Task Pane.
Ctrl + F2	Display the print preview.
Ctrl + Shift + >	Increases the selected text size by one.
Ctrl + Shift + <	Decreases the selected text size by one.
Ctrl + Shift + F6	Switches to another open Microsoft Word document.
Ctrl + Shift + F12	Prints the document.
F1	Open Help.
F4	Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5	Open the Find, Replace, and Go To window in Microsoft Word.
F7	Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.
F12	Save As.
Shift + F3	Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
Shift + F7	Runs a Thesaurus check on the selected word.
Shift + F12	Save the open document. Just like Ctrl + S.
Shift + Enter	Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph.
Shift + Insert	Paste.
Shift + Alt + D	Insert the current date.
Shift + Alt + T	Insert the current time.

In addition to keyboard shortcuts, users can also utilize their mouse to perform some common actions. The following section contains examples of mouse shortcuts.

Mouse shortcuts	Description
Click, hold, and drag	Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click	If double-clicking a word, selects the complete word.
Double-click	Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line makes the alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned.
Double-click	Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
Triple-click	Selects the line or paragraph of the text that the mouse triple-clicked on.
Ctrl + Mouse wheel	Zooms in and out of document.

Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. See the computer shortcut page if you are looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut Keys	Description
Alt + Home	Open your home page.
Alt + Left Arrow	Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow	Forward a page.
F5	Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11	Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc	Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +)	Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase. Ctrl + 0 will reset back to default.
Ctrl + Enter	Quickly complete an address. For example, type computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://www.computerhope.com.
Ctrl + Shift + Del	Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl + D	Add a bookmark for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I	Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + J	Display the download window.
Ctrl + K or Ctrl + E	Move the cursor to the search box.
Ctrl + N	Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P	Print current page or frame.
Ctrl + T	Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 or Ctrl + W	Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Shift + T	Undo the close of a window.
Ctrl + Tab	Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar	Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar	Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow	Display all previous text entered in a text box and available options on drop down menu.

Microsoft Excel shortcut keys

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys usable in Microsoft Excel. See the computer shortcut page if you are looking for shortcut keys used in other programs.

Shortcut	Description
F2	Edit the selected cell.
F3	After a name has been created, F3 will paste names.
F4	Repeat last action. For example, if you changed the color of text in another cell, pressing F4 will change the text in cell to the same color.
F5	Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.
F7	Spell check selected text or document.
F11	Create chart from selected data.
Ctrl + Shift + ;	Enter the current time.
Ctrl + ;	Enter the current date.
Alt + Shift + F1	Insert New Worksheet.
Alt + Enter	While typing text in a cell, pressing Alt + Enter will move to the next line, allowing for multiple lines of text in one cell.
Shift + F3	Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5	Bring up search box.
Ctrl + 1	Open the Format Cells window.
Ctrl + A	Select all contents of the worksheet.
Ctrl + B	Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I	Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K	Insert link.
Ctrl + S	Save the open worksheet.
Ctrl + U	Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + 1	Change the format of selected cells.
Ctrl + 5	Strikethrough highlighted selection.
Ctrl + P	Bring up the print dialog box to begin the printing process.
Ctrl + Z	Undo last action.
Ctrl + F3	Open Excel Name Manager.
Ctrl + F9	Minimize current window.
Ctrl + F10	Maximize currently selected window.
Ctrl + F6	Switch between open workbooks or windows.
Ctrl + Page up	Move between work sheets in the same document.
Ctrl + Page down	Move between work sheets in the same document.
Ctrl + Tab	Move between Two or more open Excel files.
Alt + =	Create a formula to sum all of the above cells.
Ctrl + '	Insert the value of the above cell into the cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + 1	Format number in comma format.
Ctrl + Shift + 4	Format number in currency format.
Ctrl + Shift + 3	Format number in date format.
Ctrl + Shift + 5	Format number in percentage format.
Ctrl + Shift + 6	Format number in scientific format.
Ctrl + Shift + 2	Format number in time format.
Ctrl + Arrow key	Move to next section of text.
Ctrl + Space	Select entire column.
Shift + Space	Select entire row.
Ctrl + -	Delete the selected column or row.
Ctrl + Shift + =	Insert a new column or row.
Ctrl + Home	Move to cell A1.
Ctrl + ~	Switch between showing Excel formulas or their values in cells.

Top 10 keyboard shortcuts everyone should know

Using keyboard shortcuts can greatly increase your productivity, reduce repetitive strain, and help keep you focused. For example, highlighting text with the keyboard and pressing Ctrl + C is much faster than taking your hand from the keyboard, highlighting the text using the mouse, clicking copy from the file menu, and then putting your hand back in place on the keyboard. Below are our top 10 keyboard shortcuts we recommend everyone memorize and use.

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert

Both Ctrl + C and Ctrl + Insert will copy the highlighted text or selected item. If you want to cut instead of copy press Ctrl + X.

Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert

Both the Ctrl + V and Shift + Insert will paste the text or object that's in theclipboard.

Ctrl + Z and Ctrl + Y

Undo any change. For example, if you cut text, pressing this will undo it. This can also often be pressed multiple times to undo multiple changes. Pressing Ctrl + Y would redo the undo.

Ctrl + F

Pressing Ctrl + F opens the Find in any program. This includes your Internet browser to find text on the current page.

Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab

Quickly switch between open programs moving forward.

Tip: Press Ctrl + Tab to switch between tabs in a program.

Tip: Adding the Shift key to Alt + Tab or Ctrl + Tab will move backwards. For example, if you are pressing Alt + Tab and pass the program you want to switch to, press Alt + Shift + Tab to move backwards to that program.

Tip: Windows Vista and 7 users can also press the Windows Key + Tab to switch through open programs in a full screenshot of the Window.

Ctrl + Back space and Ctrl + Left or Right arrow

Pressing Ctrl + Backspace will delete a full word at a time instead of a single character.

Holding down the Ctrl key while pressing the left or right arrow will move the cursor one word at a time instead of one character at a time. If you wanted to highlight one word at a time, you can hold down Ctrl + Shift and then press the left or right arrow key to move one word at a time in that direction while highlighting each word.

Ctrl + S

While working on a document or other file in almost every program, pressing Ctrl + Ssaves that file. This shortcut key should be used frequently anytime you're working on anything important.

Ctrl + Home or Ctrl + End

Ctrl + Home will move the cursor to the beginning of the document and Ctrl + End will move the cursor to the end of a document. These shortcuts work with most documents, as well as web pages.

Ctrl + P

Open a print preview of the current page or document being viewed. For example, press Ctrl + P now to view a print preview of this page.

Page Up, Space bar, and Page Down

Pressing either the page up or page down key will move that page one page at a time in that direction. When browsing the Internet, pressing the space bar also moves the page down one page at a time.

Tip: If you are using the space bar to go down one page at a time, press theShift key and space bar to go up one page at a time.

How do I create a Windows shortcut key?

Create a shortcut

1. Open the folder or directory that contains the program you want for a shortcut.
2. Right-click on the program and click Create Shortcut.
3. This will create a shortcut named "Shortcut to <your program>" in the directory you are in. If you want to rename this shortcut, right-click the file and click rename.
4. Once the above steps have been completed, you can copy or cut this shortcut and paste it anywhere.

Assign shortcut key to that Windows shortcut

Once the shortcut has been created to assign a shortcut key to that Windows shortcut follow the steps below.

1. Right-click the shortcut and click Properties.
2. Click the Shortcut tab.
3. Click in the Shortcut key box and press a letter. For example, if you press "p" the shortcut key will automatically be made Ctrl + Alt + P. Which means after this has been saved pressing Ctrl, Alt, and "P" all at the same time runs the shortcut. 

Windows keyboard key shortcuts

Windows keyboard key shortcuts

Below is a listing of Windows keys that can be used on computers running a Microsoft Windows 95 or later and using a keyboard with a Windows key. In the below list of shortcuts, the Windows key is represented by "WIN KEY" and because not all these shortcuts will work in all versions of Windows we've mentioned what versions of Windows support each Windows key shortcut key.

All versions of Windows

WIN KEY

Pressing the Windows key alone opens or hides the Windows Start menu. In Windows 8, this opens or hides the Start screen.

WIN KEY + F1

Open the Microsoft Windows help and support center.

WIN KEY + Pause / Break key

Open the System Properties window.

WIN   KEY + D

Opens the Desktop to the top of all other windows.

WIN KEY + E

Open Microsoft Windows Explorer.

WIN KEY + F

Display the Windows Search or Find feature.

WIN KEY + Ctrl + F

Display the search for computers window.

WIN KEY + L

Lock the computer and switch users if needed (Windows XP and above only).

WIN KEY + M

Minimizes all windows.

WIN KEY + Shift + M

Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D.

WIN KEY + R

Open the run window.

WIN KEY + U

Open Utility Manager or the Ease of Access Center.

General Windows keyboard shortcuts & Windows function key shortcuts

General Windows keyboard shortcuts

Alt + Tab

Switch between open applications in all versions of Windows. Reverse the direction by pressing Alt + Shift + Tab at the same time.

Ctrl + Tab

Switches between program groups, tabs, or document windows in applications that support this feature. Reverse the direction by pressing Ctrl + Shift + Tab at the same time.

Alt + double-click

Display the properties of the object you double-click on in Windows 95 and later. For example, doing this on a file would display its properties.

Alt + Print Screen

Create a screen shot only for the active program window in all versions of Windows. For example, if you opened the calculator and did this only the calculator window would be created as a screen shot. If just the Print Screen key is pressed the whole screen will be made into a screen shot.

Ctrl + Alt + Del

Open the Windows option screen for locking computer, switching user, Task Manager, etc. in later versions of Windows. Pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del multiple times will reboot the computer.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc

Immediately bring up the Windows Task Manager in Windows 2000 and later.

Ctrl + Esc

Open the Windows Start menu in most versions of Windows. In Windows 8 this opens the Start screen and in Windows 3.x this would bring up the Task Manager.

Alt + Esc

Switch between open applications on Taskbar in Windows 95 and later.

Alt + Space bar

Drops down the window control menu for the currently open Windows program in Windows 95 and later.

Alt + Enter

Opens properties window of selected icon or program in Windows 95 and later.

Shift + Del

Will delete any file or other object without throwing it into the Recycle Bin in Windows 95 and later.

Hold down the Shift key

When putting in an audio or data CD that uses Autoplay, holding down the Shift key will prevent that CD from playing.

Windows function key shortcuts

Below is a listing of keyboard shortcuts that use the keyboard function keys. See our what are F1 through 

 F12 keys page for a full listing of what function keys do with all other programs.

F1

Activates help for current open application. If you're at the Windows Desktop, this will activate the help for Windows.

F2

Renames a highlighted icon, file, or folder in all versions of Windows.

F3

Starts find or search when at the Windows Desktop in all versions of Windows.

F4

In Windows 95 and later this opens the drive selection or address bar when browsing files in Windows Explorer.

• Pressing Alt + F4 closes the current open program window without a prompt in all versions of Windows.
• Pressing Ctrl + F4 closes the open window within the current active window in Microsoft Windows. This only works in programs that support multiple windows or tabs in the same program window.

F6

While in Windows Explorer, this will move the cursor to different Windows Explorer pane or in Windows 7 browse available drives.

F8

Pressing F8 over and over as the computer is booting will start the computer in Safe Mode.

F10

Activates the File menu bar in all versions of Windows.

• Simulates a right-click on selected item. This is useful if right-click is difficult or impossible using the mouse.

Basic PC shortcut keys

Basic PC shortcut keys

Below is a list of some of the most commonly used basic shortcut keys that work with almost all IBM compatible computers and software programs. It is highly recommended that all users keep a good reference of these shortcut keys or try to memorize them. Doing so will dramatically increase your productivity.

Tip: Besides the special character shortcuts listed here, some special characters are also located on the number keys (below the F1 - F12 keys). You can enter these special characters by pressing the Shift key and the number key that has the special character listed on it.

Shortcut Keys	Description
Alt + F	File menu options in current program.
Alt + E	Edit options in current program
Alt + Tab	Switch between open programs
F1	Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
F2	Rename a selected file
F5	Refresh the current program window
Ctrl + N	Create a new, blank document in some software programs
Ctrl + O	Open a file in current software program
Ctrl + A	Select all text.
Ctrl + B	Change selected text to be Bold
Ctrl + I	Change selected text to be in Italics
Ctrl + U	Change selected text to be Underlined
Ctrl + F	Open find window for current document or window.
Ctrl + S	Save current document file.
Ctrl + X	Cut selected item.
Shift + Del	Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C	Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins	Copy selected item
Ctrl + V	Paste
Shift + Ins	Paste
Ctrl + K	Insert hyperlink for selected text
Ctrl + P	Print the current page or document.
Home	Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home	Goes to beginning of document.
End	Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End	Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home	Highlights from current position to beginning of line.
Shift + End	Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow	Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow	Moves one word to the right at a time.
Ctrl + Esc	Opens the START menu
Ctrl + Shift + Esc	Opens Windows Task Manager
Alt + F4	Close the currently active program
Alt + Enter	Open the Properties for the selected item (file, folder, shortcut, etc.)